Transmission cluthes and method of cooling

ABSTRACT

A transmission includes first and second clutch members rotatable about the same axis. An axial groove is formed in one of the members to distribute lubricating fluid to the other member. Preferably, clutch plates with radial grooves extend between the clutch members. Fluid flows from the axial groove through the radial groove and across faces of the clutch plates to separate the plates during disengagement in order to minimize spin losses.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/555,141, filed Mar. 22, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to transmission clutches and methods of cooling such clutches.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As with clutches in any automatic transmission, cooling fluid is required to remove heat from the pack during apply and release as well as to separate the plates during unapplied conditions. Separation of the clutch plates during unapplied operation is critical to reduce spin losses in the drive unit. To effectively separate the plates utilizing a minimum fluid flow, fluid must be distributed evenly along the length of the clutch and pass radially across the plate interfaces. Reducing the losses within the transmission is critical to help improve the overall efficiency of the hybrid vehicle system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A clutch design is provided that enables an efficient method for cooling clutches within a transmission. Accordingly, a transmission within the scope of the invention includes a first clutch member rotatable about an axis and a second clutch member rotatable about the same axis. One or both of the clutch members forms an axial groove for distributing lubricating fluid to the other of the clutch members. The axial groove may be formed by the absence of a spline tooth (i.e., a “missing” spline tooth) in the clutch member. The clutch members may be gear members such as a ring gear, or a rotating clutch housing. The axial groove ensures that fluid is evenly distributed to clutch plates extending between or from the clutch members.

In one aspect of the invention, one of the clutch members has a radial opening therethrough that fluidly communicates with the axial groove to distribute fluid flowing from the axial groove.

In another aspect of the invention, the transmission includes first and second sets of axially-spaced clutch plates including friction plates selectively engageable with alternately spaced reaction plates. The friction plates are splined to the respective first and second clutch members. The friction plates of both the first and second sets of clutch plates have faces formed with radial grooves that fluidly communicate with the axial groove to distribute fluid across the faces and across faces of adjacent reaction plates, thereby minimizing spin losses.

In still another aspect of the invention, the transmission includes a stationary member. The reaction plates of the second set of clutch plates are splined to the stationary member. Thus, the first set of clutch plates are between the first and second clutch members thereby forming a rotating clutch and the second set of clutch plates are between the second rotating clutch member and the stationary member, thereby forming a stationary clutch.

In yet another aspect of the invention, the second clutch member is a ring gear having a clutch hub with a hub shoulder. The radial opening and an axial groove are in the hub shoulder.

A method of cooling a clutch in a transmission includes forming an axial groove in a first rotatable clutch member. After the forming step, lubricating fluid is directed through the axial groove. The second rotatable clutch member is positioned in fluid communication with the axial groove so that the directed fluid flows from the axial groove to the second clutch member.

In one aspect of the invention, the method includes providing a radial opening through at least one of the first and second clutch members. The radial opening is in fluid communication with the axial groove so that fluid directed through the axial groove is distributed through the radial opening to the second clutch member. Thus, fluid which has cooled the first clutch passes through the radial opening and is used to cool the second clutch.

In still another aspect of the invention, the method includes forming radial grooves in axially-spaced clutch plates which extend radially between the first and second clutch members. The radial grooves are in fluid communication with the axial groove. The method may further include lubricating faces of the clutch plates via fluid directed through the axial groove flowing through the radial groove and across the faces, thereby minimizing spin losses within the clutch.

Thus, the clutch members with an axial groove, a radial opening (in at least one of the clutch members) and the friction plates with the radial groove improve fluid flow through clutch plates to minimize spin losses, thereby increasing overall efficiency of the transmission. This structure, and the cooling fluid flow arrangement that it permits is especially beneficial in a hybrid electromechanical transmission. Because the clutch design reuses cooling fluid (i.e., more than one clutch is cooled with the same fluid), a lower volume of cooling fluid is required, and therefore lower spin losses and lower pumping losses may be achieved. The cooling fluid reuse afforded by the clutch design especially serves the fuel economy and efficiency goals of hybrid transmissions.

The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a hybrid electromechanical transmission;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration in fragmentary view of a rotating clutch and a stationary clutch within the transmission of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective illustration in fragmentary view of a rotating clutch member of the rotating clutch of FIG. 2, illustrating missing spline teeth forming an axial groove and a clutch plate formed with radial grooves;

FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective illustration in fragmentary view of a rotating clutch housing of the rotating clutch of FIG. 2 having radial openings;

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration in fragmentary view of another rotating clutch and another stationary clutch within the transmission of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective illustration in fragmentary view of a rotating clutch member of the rotating clutch of FIG. 5; and

FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective illustration of a rotating clutch member of the stationary clutch of FIG. 5.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like components, FIG. 1 illustrates an electromechanical transmission 10 containing four clutches, first clutch 12, second clutch 14, third clutch 16 and fourth clutch 18, that are selectively engageable to achieve various operating modes and fixed ratio ranges by selectively connecting members of the first, second and third planetary gear sets 20, 22, 24, respectively, with one another, with first or second motor/generators 26, 28, respectively, or with a stationary member such as the transmission housing 30. The clutches 12,14,16, and 18, the planetary gear sets 20, 22 and 24 and the motor/generators 26, 28 are all rotatable about a center axis 31.

The clutches are clustered in two pairs; two clutches (first clutch 12 and second clutch 14) are located in the center of the transmission 10 and two clutches (third clutch 16 and fourth clutch 18) are located near the rear. Referring to FIG. 2, the center pair consists of one rotating clutch, second clutch 14, and one stationary clutch, first clutch 12. Both elements or clutch members (ring gear 32 and rotating clutch housing 34A) of the rotating clutch 14 rotate. The rotating clutch 14 is nested within the stationary clutch 12, which shares the rotating clutch housing 34A with the second clutch 14 and has one element or clutch member (the transmission case 30) grounded. The transmission case 30 may be one component or separate components. Referring to FIG. 1, the rear clutch pair 16, 18, also contains one stationary clutch 16 and one rotating clutch 18 slightly offset from each other, as will be discussed in more detail with respect to FIG. 5.

A unique method is utilized for cooling the four clutches 12, 14, 16 and 18 located within the transmission 10. The clutches are nested in two pairs 12, 14 and 16, 18, located near planetary gear sets 22, 24, respectively. This allows for efficient management of lubrication/cooling fluid. Various structural features are implemented to assist in this management. The efficient use and reuse of the fluid results in lower pumping losses for the transmission 10 and better system efficiency.

Referring to FIG. 2, lubrication fluid (denoted by arrow A) exiting carrier assembly 36A of the planetary gear set 22 is directed to the inner diameter of the rotating clutch 14 by the clutch piston 38, as denoted by arrows B and C. Friction plates 40A of the rotating clutch 14 are splined to the ring gear 32. Alternately spaced reaction plates 42A are selectively engageable with the friction plates 40A and are splined to the rotating clutch housing 34A. Together, the friction plates 40A and reaction plates 42A may be referred to as a first set of clutch plates 40A, 42A. As best shown in FIG. 3, to better distribute the cooling fluid along the ring gear 32 to each of the clutch plates 40A, 42A, some of the circumferentially-spaced spline teeth 44 are removed from the ring gear 32 (or the ring gear 32 is formed with “missing” teeth) to create an axial groove 46A in the area of each missing spline tooth. By removing a tooth, an axial groove 46A is formed in the area of the missing tooth.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, as the fluid (denoted by arrow C) passes along the length of the axial grooves 46A of the ring gear 32, it is centrifugally distributed across the face 48 (see FIG. 3) of each friction plate 40A (illustrated by arrows D in FIG. 2). Referring to FIG. 3, radial grooves 50A are formed across the face 48A of each friction plate 40A. The radial grooves 50A act to pump the fluid through the clutch 14 and promote plate separation between the friction plates 40A and reaction plates 42A. As fluid exits the clutch 14 (represented by arrow E in FIG. 2), it is contained by the rotating clutch housing 34A. The fluid (represented by arrow F in FIG. 2) then exits the clutch housing 34A through radial openings or slots 52A formed or machined in the rotating clutch housing 34A (shown best in FIG. 4) which deposit the fluid at the inner diameter of the stationary clutch 12. Referring to FIG. 4, the rotating clutch housing 34A is formed with axial grooves 46B in which the radial openings or slots 52A are formed. Preferably, the stationary clutch friction plates 40B (which extend from the rotating clutch member 34A) also contain radial grooves to direct the fluid through the clutch 12 and maintain plate separation between the friction plates 40B and the alternating reaction plates 42B which extend from the transmission housing 30. After the fluid exits (represented by arrow G) the stationary clutch 12, it returns to a transmission sump (not shown) via drains (not shown) in the transmission housing 30, as is understood by those skilled in the art.

Fluid reuse is also critical to the efficiency in the output section of the transmission 10 and similar unique structural features are incorporated for fluid management. The outer stationary clutch 16 requires higher cooling flow as a result of larger diameter and friction area. As a result, fluid (represented by respective arrows H and I in FIG. 5) exiting both the rotating clutch 18 and the output carrier assembly 36B are combined to cool the stationary cutch 16. Fluid (represented by arrow H) within the hub member 34C flows between reaction plates 42C splined to rotating clutch housing 34B and friction plates 40C splined to hub member 34C. Notably, the fluid H is collected from fluid J flowing radially outward and exiting from passages between other rotating components, such as thrust bearing 55. Fluid (represented by arrow H) exiting the rotating clutch 18 is collected by the rotating clutch housing 34B (collected fluid represented by arrow K) which is formed with gaps between adjacent circumferentially-spaced spline teeth (i.e., has “missing” spline teeth) to form axial grooves 46C (best shown in FIG. 6) that allow the fluid (represented by arrow M) to flow through radial openings 52B in the housing. The fluid I exits the carrier assembly 36B by flowing radially outward between a second rotating clutch member 34D and the rotating clutch housing 34B (exiting fluid represented by arrow L).

Fluid exiting both the clutch housing 34B (fluid M) and the carrier assembly 36B (fluid L) is captured by the second rotating clutch member 34D which is a combination ring gear/clutch hub. Referring to FIG. 7, the second rotating clutch member 34D has a shoulder 56 to contain the fluid and pass it radially (via radial openings 52C (one shown)) to the stationary clutch 16. The clutch hub portion of the second rotating clutch member 34D also contains an interrupted spline (i.e., has spline teeth “removed” or is formed with “missing” spline teeth to form axial grooves 46D in FIG. 7) to allow the fluid (represented by arrow N in FIG. 5) to flow the entire length of the clutch 16. The clutch 16 has friction plates 40D splined to the second rotating clutch member 34D and reaction plates 42D splined to the transmission housing 30 or another stationary member in the transmission 10.

As with the center section clutches 12, 14, the friction plates 40C and 40D in the rear section clutches 16, 18 also contain radial grooves (not shown but similar to grooves 50 of FIG. 3) to efficiently cool and separate the respective sets of clutch plates 40C, 42C and 40D, 42D. Following the exit from the stationary clutch 16, the fluid (represented by arrow Q) returns to the sump via housing drains (not shown).

Thus, a novel method of cooling a clutch in a transmission is presented that is especially beneficial in cooling a pair of adjacent clutches. The method includes forming an axial groove in a first rotatable clutch member and directing lubricating fluid through the axial groove. The fluid may be directed by a combination of centrifugal force and pump pressure from a fluid pump (not shown). A second rotatable clutch member is positioned in fluid communication with the axial groove so that fluid flowing through the axial groove flows to the second clutch member. The fluid communication between the second clutch member and the axial groove may be established by providing a radial opening in the second clutch member. The radial opening may be formed in the second clutch member during casting, or may be subsequently machined. Finally, radial grooves may be formed in adjacent clutch plates, such as in friction plates adjacent to reaction plates within the clutch, and the faces of the adjacent plates may be lubricated by the fluid flowing through the radial groove from the axial groove and the radial opening. By reusing fluid between adjacent clutches and by providing structural features that ensure plate separation during disengagement, the invention provides an efficient clutch cooling system that minimizes inefficiencies due to spin losses and pumping losses associated with higher volumes of cooling fluid.

While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A transmission comprising: a first clutch member rotatable about an axis; a second clutch member rotatable about said axis; and wherein at least one of said first and second clutch members form an axial groove for distributing cooling fluid to the other of said first and second clutch members.
 2. The transmission of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and second clutch members has a radial opening in fluid communication with said axial groove for distributing fluid flowing thereto from said axial groove.
 3. The transmission of claim 2, further comprising: first and second sets of axially-spaced clutch plates including friction plates and adjacent reaction plates spaced alternately from and selectively engageable with said friction plates; said friction plates of said first set of clutch plates being splined to said first clutch member and said friction plates of said second set of clutch plates being splined to the said second clutch member; and wherein said friction plates of said first and second sets of clutch plates have faces formed with radial grooves in fluid communication with said axial groove for distributing fluid across said faces and across faces of said adjacent reaction plates, thereby minimizing spin losses.
 4. The transmission of claim 3, further comprising: a stationary member; and wherein said reaction plates of said second set of clutch plates are splined to said stationary member; said first and second clutch members, said stationary member and said first and second sets of clutch plates thereby at least partially forming a stationary clutch and a rotating clutch.
 5. The transmission of claim 2, wherein said axial groove is a first axial groove formed in said first clutch member; wherein said radial opening is a first radial opening in said first clutch member; wherein said second clutch member has a second radial opening in fluid communication with said first radial opening; and wherein said second clutch member further forms a second axial groove in fluid communication with said second radial opening.
 6. The transmission of claim 5, wherein said second clutch member is a ring gear having a clutch hub with a hub shoulder; and wherein said second radial opening and said second axial groove are in said hub shoulder.
 7. The transmission of claim 1, further comprising: axially-spaced clutch plates including friction plates and adjacent reaction plates spaced alternately from and selectively engageable with said friction plates; said friction plates extending from one of said first and second clutch members and said reaction plates extending from the other of said first and second clutch members, said friction plates being selectively engageable with said reaction plates such that said first clutch member rotates with said second clutch member; and wherein said friction plates have faces formed with radial grooves in fluid communication with said axial groove for distributing cooling fluid across said faces and across faces of adjacent reaction plates, thereby minimizing spin losses.
 8. The transmission of claim 7, wherein said axial groove is a first axial groove; wherein said first clutch member forms said first axial groove for distributing cooling fluid to said second clutch member; wherein said second clutch member forms a second axial groove in fluid communication with said radial grooves; and wherein said second clutch member has a radial opening in fluid communication with said second axial groove for distributing fluid flowing thereto from said axial groove through said second clutch member.
 9. The transmission of claim 8, wherein said clutch plates are a first set of clutch plates, and further comprising: a second set of clutch plates including friction plates and adjacent reaction plates spaced alternately from and selectively engageable with said friction plates; a stationary member; wherein said friction plates of said second set of clutch plates are splined to said second clutch member and wherein said reaction plates of said second set of clutch plates are splined to said stationary member; wherein said first and second clutch members and said first set of clutch plates thereby at least partially form a rotating clutch; wherein said second clutch member, said stationary member and said second set of clutch plates thereby at least partially form a stationary clutch; and wherein said rotating clutch and said stationary clutch are in fluid communication with one another via said radial opening.
 10. The transmission of claim 1, wherein said at least one of said first and second clutch members forming an axial groove includes a plurality of circumferentially-spaced teeth; and wherein said axial groove is located between adjacent ones of said teeth.
 11. The transmission of claim 1, wherein said at least one of said first and second clutch members is characterized by the absence of a spline tooth to form said axial groove.
 12. A transmission comprising: a first clutch member rotatable about an axis; a second clutch member rotatable about said axis; a stationary member; at least one of said first and second clutch members forming an axial groove for distributing cooling fluid to the other of said first and second clutch members; wherein at least one of said first and second clutch members has a radial opening in fluid communication with said axial groove for distributing fluid flowing thereto from said axial groove; first and second sets of axially-spaced clutch plates, each set including friction plates and adjacent reaction plates spaced alternately from and selectively engageable with said friction plates; said friction plates of said first set of clutch plates being splined to said first clutch member and said friction plates of said second set of clutch plates being splined to said second clutch member; and wherein said friction plates of said first and second sets of clutch plates have faces formed with radial grooves in fluid communication with said axial groove for distributing fluid across said faces and across faces of said adjacent reaction plates, thereby minimizing spin losses.
 13. The transmission of claim 12, wherein said reaction plates of said second set of clutch plates are splined to said stationary member; and said first and second clutch members, said stationary member and said first and second sets of clutch plates thereby at least partially forming a stationary clutch and a rotating clutch.
 14. A method of cooling a clutch in a transmission comprising: forming an axial groove in a first rotatable clutch member; directing cooling fluid through said axial groove; and positioning a second rotatable clutch member in fluid communication with said axial groove such that the directed fluid flows from said axial groove to said second clutch member.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: providing a radial opening through at least one of said first and second clutch members, wherein said radial opening is in fluid communication with said axial groove such that fluid directed through said axial groove is distributed through said radial opening to said second clutch member.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein selectively engageable axially-spaced clutch plates extend radially between said first and second clutch members, and the method further comprising: forming radial grooves in selected ones of said clutch plates; wherein said radial grooves are in fluid communication with said axial groove; and lubricating faces of said clutch plates via fluid directed through said axial groove flowing through said radial grooves and across said faces, thereby minimizing spin losses within the clutch. 